computational thinking computational thinking
BiblioMap 
Definitionen
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This term has been defined in many ways and encompasses a broad and somewhat debated range of analytic and problem-solving skills, dispositions,
habits, and approaches used in computer science
Von Marina Umaschi Bers, Louise P. Flannery, Elizabeth R. Kazakoff im Text Computational thinking and tinkering (2014) 
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- designing computations that get Computers to do jobs for us, and
- explaining and interpreting the world as a complex of information processes.
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- Abstraction;
- Data collection;
- Data analysis;
- Data representation;
- Algorithms and procedures;
- Problem decomposition;
- Automation;
- Parallelization; and
- Simulation
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we have created the following working definition of CT: The conceptual
foundation required to solve problems effectively and efficiently (i.e., algorithmically, with
or without the assistance of computers) with solutions that are reusable in different
contexts. This definition highlights that CT is primarily a way of thinking and acting, which
can be exhibited through the use particular skills, which then can become the basis for
performance-based assessments of CT skills.
Von Valerie J. Shute, Chen Sun, Jodi Asbell-Clarke im Text Demystifying computational thinking (2017) 
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Very briefly, the key points of Computational Thinking are that
Von James J. Lu, George H. L. Fletcher im Text Thinking about computational thinking (2009) - it is a way of solving problems and designing systems that draws on concepts fundamental to computer science
- it means creating and making use of different levels of abstraction, to understand and solve problems more effectively;
- it means thinking algorithmically and with the ability to apply mathematical concepts to develop more efficient, fair, and secure solutions; and
- it means understanding the consequences of scale, not only for reasons of efficiency but also for economic and social reasons.
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Wing’s original paper did not offer a succinct definition for
computational thinking, but offered many examples of how
computer scientists tackle common problems: “When your
daughter goes to school in the morning, she puts in her
backpack the things she needs for the day; that’s prefetching
and caching. When your son loses his mittens, you suggest
he retrace his steps; that’s back-tracking. [...] Which line
do you stand in at the supermarket?; that’s performance
modeling for multi-server systems.” [12]. Extrapolating from
these examples, the overall message is that computer scientists
have a toolbox of methods for matching problem situations
to standard types of solution, drawn from various parts of the
computer science curriculum, and, perhaps just as importantly,
a standard terminology to describe these abstract problemsolution
patterns.
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) 
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Bemerkungen
Von Ralf Lankau im Text Bildung und Digitali-Täter (2021)
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CT is not about getting humans to think like computers, but rather about developing the full set of mental tools necessary to effectively use computing to solve complex human problems [8].
Von James J. Lu, George H. L. Fletcher im Text Thinking about computational thinking (2009) 
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Dieses Computerdenken kann man lernen, ohne den konkreten Programmcode zu kennen, sagt auch Ulrich Kortenkamp, der an der Universität Potsdam Didaktik der Informatik lehrt. Er ergänzt aber, dass es viel einfacher und schöner sei, wenn man auch programmieren darf. "Das ist die naheliegende praktische Umsetzung, die man sich nicht nehmen lassen sollte."
Von Christoph Drösser im Text Kids & Codes (2017) 
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Computational thinking provides an ontology of computational
concepts, and a set of terms for talking about them. For
example, procedural and data abstractions provide the building
blocks of computational solutions, and sequential and parallel
composition provide a way of putting them together. Hierarchical
decomposition is used to reduce complex problems, and
encapsulation is used to create re-usable solutions.
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) If computational
thinking is the central tool of computer scientists, then we
ought to consider whether computational thinking becomes
just another instance of Maslow’s Hammer [16]: “If all you
have is a hammer, then everything looks like a nail”. In
other words, computer professionals may attempt to solve all
problems through algorithmic means, while failing to perceive
those that cannot be expressed using the abstractions of CT.
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) 
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Programming should not, however, be essential in the
teaching of computational thinking, nor should knowledge
of programming be necessary to proclaim literacy in basic
computer science. Just as math students come to proofs after
12 or more years of experience with basic math, and
English students come to literary analysis after an even
longer period of reading and writing, programming should
begin for all students only after they have had substantial
practice thinking computationally.
Von James J. Lu, George H. L. Fletcher im Text Thinking about computational thinking (2009) Encouraged by funding programs from the NSF, the US
computer science community has readily adopted the term
computational thinking, using it as a slogan to re-design existing
computer science curricula to make them more attractive
to students, and to develop new courses aimed at audiences
who would not otherwise be exposed to computer science. For
example, the Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA)
set up a task force to “explore and disseminate teaching and
learning resources related to computational thinking”.
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) 
Computational thinking (CT) stems back to the constructionist work of Seymour Papert (Papert, 1980, 1991) and was first
coined as a term in a seminal article by Wing (2006). She explained that CT entails “solving problems, designing systems, and
understanding human behavior, by drawing on the concepts fundamental to computer science” (Wing, 2006, p. 33). As such,
it represents an ability to analyze and then solve various problems. Her arguments provided a fresh perspective on the relationship(
s) between humans and computers, and gave rise to a wave of research on CT.
Von Valerie J. Shute, Chen Sun, Jodi Asbell-Clarke im Text Demystifying computational thinking (2017) The computational thinker looks for problems that can be
tackled with computers. Immediately, this provides a selective
lens through which to view the world. Problems that are unlikely
to have computational solutions (e.g. ethical dilemmas,
value judgements, societal change, etc) are ignored. Others are
reduced to a simpler, computational proxy. It is no coincidence
that computer science students tend to be less morally mature
than students from other disciplines [17]. Ethical dilemmas
have no computational solutions, and so are overlooked when
peering through a CT lens.
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) 
At heart, CT is inherently reductionist. Computational problems
are tackled by reducing them to a set of discrete variables
that can be mapped onto abstract data types, and a set of
algorithmic steps for manipulating these data types. In the
process, multiple perspectives on the nature of the problem are
lost, as is any local, contingent knowledge about the problem
situation [18]. Computational thinking thus ignores the fact
that any particular expression of the “the problem to be solved”
is the result of an ongoing negotiation between the competing
needs of a variety of stakeholders [19], [20].
Von Steve Easterbrook im Text From Computational Thinking to Systems Thinking (2014) Wing (2006) argued that CT does not mean to think like a computer; but rather to engage in five cognitive processes with
the goal of solving problems efficiently and creatively. These include:
Von Valerie J. Shute, Chen Sun, Jodi Asbell-Clarke im Text Demystifying computational thinking (2017) - Problem reformulation - Reframe a problem into a solvable and familiar one.
- Recursion - Construct a system incrementally based on preceding information.
- Problem decomposition - Break the problem down into manageable units.
- Abstraction - Model the core aspects of complex problems or systems.
- Systematic testing - Take purposeful actions to derive solutions.
Although there are different efforts to define the term and there is no consensus on different definitions, there is a general
acceptance that CT skills cover the concepts of “abstraction, algorithmic thinking, problem-solving, decomposition, generalization,
and debugging” (Sarıtepeci & Durak, 2017). In support of this, Kalelioglu, Gülbahar and Kukul (2016) have formed a
word cloud in relation to the explanations about computational thinking in their work and have found that the data words
that are most used in terms of defining the process of computation thinking in the literature are “abstraction, problem,
solving, algorithmic and thinking.
Von Hatice Yildiz Durak, Mustafa Saritepeci im Text Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model (2017) 
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- First, we advocate that teachers use computing's hard-earned hours in the K–12 curriculum to teach practices unique to our discipline, instead of rehashing generic brain puzzles, mathematics exercises, or perceptual reasoning problems. We are concerned that in the excited rush to develop CT curricula for schools, too many generic ideas may have been introduced at the cost of computing's own disciplinary concepts, ideas, skills, and practices. This ought to be changed.
- Second, we advocate that the public face of CT be expanded to cover the rich spectrum of CT insights from beginner to professional. One of computing's perennial challenges has been the public perception of the field as little more than coding. This image of computing is harmful because it does not show the public the vast range of activities people in computing do. We curate and clean data, train neural networks, and use them to make everyday things smart. We find ways to avoid network bottlenecks to get the full power of the world's biggest computing clusters to the fingertips of smartphone users, without them ever noticing any delay. We continuously seek clever heuristic ways to circumvent the limits of computing. We build software that creates virtual worlds that seamlessly fit social communities and their practices.
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CoautorInnenlandkarte
Relevante Personen
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Repenning
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Kafai
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Tedre
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Denning
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Yadav
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Basawapatna
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Chioccariello
Häufig erwähnende Personen
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Repenning
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Kafai
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Barendsen
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Eickelmann
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Dagienė
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Burke
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Tedre
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Denning
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Yadav
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Wiebe
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Stupurienė
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Grgurina
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Basawapatna
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Lytle
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Curzon
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Wolfram
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Barnes
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Labusch
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Lodi
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Cateté
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Hunt
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Riley
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Vahrenhold
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Spieler
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Chioccariello
Häufig co-zitierte Personen
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Wing
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Repenning
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Papert
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Kafai
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Yadav
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Resnick
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Denning
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Koh
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Dettori
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Engelhardt
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Tedre
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Chioccariello
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Brennan
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Asbell-Clarke
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Sun
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Silverman
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Rusk
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Bocconi
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Eastmond
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Silver
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Millner
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Rosenbaum
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Gretter
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Hambrusch
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Basawapatna