A New Kind of Science

Stephen Wolfram , 14.05.2002

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Zusammenfassungen

Three centuries ago science was transformed by the dramatic new idea that rules based on mathematical equations could be used to describe the natural world. My purpose in this book is to initiate another such transformation, and to introduce a new kind of science that is based on the much more general types of rules that can be embodied in simple computer programs.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text The Foundations for a New Kind of Science auf Seite 1

This long-awaited work from one of the world's most respected scientists presents a series of dramatic discoveries never before made public. Starting from a collection of simple computer experiments---illustrated in the book by striking computer graphics---Wolfram shows how their unexpected results force a whole new way of looking at the operation of our universe.
Wolfram uses his approach to tackle a remarkable array of fundamental problems in science: from the origin of the Second Law of thermodynamics, to the development of complexity in biology, the computational limitations of mathematics, the possibility of a truly fundamental theory of physics, and the interplay between free will and determinism.
Written with exceptional clarity, and illustrated by more than a thousand original pictures, this seminal book allows scientists and non-scientists alike to participate in what promises to be a major intellectual revolution.

von Klappentext im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002)

Kapitel

1. The Foundations for a New Kind of Science
2. The Crucial Experiment
3. The World of Simple Programs
4. Systems Based on Numbers
5. Two Dimensions and Beyond
6. Starting from Randomness
7. Mechanisms in Programs and Nature
8. Implications for Everyday Systems
9. Fundamental Physics
10. Processes of Perception and Analysis
11. The Notion of Computation
12. The Principle of Computational Equivalence

In diesem Buch wird erwähnt...

Personen
KB IB clear

Aristoteles, Charles Babbage, Vannevar Bush, Noam Chomsky, Alonzo Church, Charles Darwin, Demokrit, René Descartes, Albert Einstein, M. C. Escher, Richard Feynmann, Frege, Galileo Galilei, Carl Friedrich Gauss, James Gleick, Kurt Gödel, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Hermann Haken, Donald Hebb, Martin Heisenberg, David Hilbert, Hobbes, Douglas Hofstadter, Immanuel Kant, Johannes Kepler, Donald E. Knuth, Leibniz, Stanislaw Lem, Ernst Mach, Benoit Mandelbrot, Warren McCulloch, Marvin Minsky, John von Neumann, Isaac Newton, Blaise Pascal, Peano, Roger Penrose, Jean Piaget, Walter Pitts, Platon, Henri Poincaré, Karl R. Popper, Ilya Prigogine, Arturo Rosenblueth, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sagan, Erwin Schrödinger, Claude Shannon, George Spencer-Brown, Alan Turing, Alfred North Whitehead, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Norbert Wiener, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Stephen Wolfram, Konrad Zuse

Fragen
KB IB clear

Können Computer denken?
P=NP ?
Was ist Leben?

Begriffe
KB IB clear

Algorithmus, analog, Analogie, Animismus, Bedeutung, Berechenbarkeit, Biologie, Chaos, Chaostheorie, Church-Turing-These, Computer, Computervirus, Computer-Wurm, Daten, Denken, Determinismus, Digitalisierung, DNA, Epistemologie (Erkenntnistheorie), Evolutionstheorie von Darwin, Farbwahrnehmung, Fehler, Fraktale, Game of Life, Gedächtnis, Gehirn, Geometrie, Gödelsches Theorem, Goldbachsche Vermutung, Gott, GUI (Graphical User Interface), Halteproblem, Hardware, Hopfieldnetz, Informatik, Intelligenz, Intuition, Kommunikation, Komplexität, Komplexitätstheorie, Kryptographie, Kunst, Künstliche Intelligenz (KI / AI), Künstliches Leben (Artificial life), Kybernetik, Leben, Logik, Mathematik, Monte-Carlo-Algorithmen, Muster, Natur, Nervensystem, Neuronales Netz, Neurophysiologie, NP, NP-complete, Optimierung, P (PTIME), Parallelrechner, Peano-Axiome, Philosophie, Physik, Primzahlen, Programmiersprachen, Psychologie, Quantencomputer, Quantenmechanik, Raum / Ort, Redundanz, Rekursion, Retina, Schlaf, Selbstorganisation, Selbstreplikation, Software, Sprache, Statistik, Symmetrie, System, Systemtheorie, Taoismus, Teleologie, Traveling Salesman Problem, Turing-Maschine, Turing-Test, Unentscheidbarkeit, Unschärferelation, Verantwortung, Verhalten, Wahrnehmung, Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, Willensfreiheit, Wissenschaft, Zahl, Zeit, Zelluläre Automaten, Zufall

Bücher

Jahr		Titel	IB	OB	KB	LB
1969		Laws of Form (George Spencer-Brown)	35	10	6	4319

Texte

Jahr	Titel	IB	OB	KB	LB
1931	Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme (Kurt Gödel)	20	3	9	5846
1936	On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Alan Turing)	24	3	7	2026
1983	Statistical mechanics of cellular automata (Stephen Wolfram)	5	1	1	759

In diesem Buch wird nicht erwähnt...

Nicht erwähnte Begriffe

allgemein rekursiv, Authentifikation, Bewusstsein, Chemie, Entscheidungsproblem, Farbkonstanz, Geist, Internet, Knapsack-Problem, Lambda-Kalkül, Malware, Naturwissenschaft, Neuron, Trojaner

Bemerkungen zu diesem Buch

The core of this book can be viewed as introducing a major generalization of mathematics - with new ideas and methods, and vast new areas to be explored.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text The Foundations for a New Kind of Science auf Seite 7

Clarity and modesty. There is a common style of understated scientific writing to which I was once a devoted subscriber. But at some point I discovered that more significant results are usually incomprehensible if presented in this style. For unless one has a realistic understanding of how important something is, it is very difficult to place or absorb it. And so in writing this book I have chosen to explain straightforwardly the importance I believe my various results have. Perhaps I might avoid some criticism by a greater display of modesty, but the cost would be a drastic reduction in clarity.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002)

Zitate im Buch

In my experience the single most common mistake in doing computer experiments is to look at Systems that are vastly more complicated than is necessary.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text The World of Simple Programs auf Seite 110

Over and over again the single most important principle that I have learned is that the best computer experiments are ones that are as simple and straightforward as possible.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text The World of Simple Programs auf Seite 109

The key unifying idea that has allowed me to formulate the Principle of Computational Equivalence is a simple but immensely powerful one: that all processes, whether they are produced by human effort or occur spontaneously in nature, can be viewed as computations.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text The Principle of Computational Equivalence auf Seite 715

And I suspect that in fact the cun it predominance of partial differential equations is in many respects a historical accident - and that had Computer ter.hnnlogy been developed earlier in the history of mathematics, the Situation would probably now be very different.

von Stephen Wolfram im Buch A New Kind of Science (2002) im Text Systems Based on Numbers auf Seite 162

Zitationsgraph

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Erwähnungen

Reflections on Stephen Wolfram's 'A New Kind of Science' (Ray Kurzweil)
The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything ...But first it cracked him. - The inside story of how Stephen Wolfram went from boy genius to recluse to science renegade. (Steven Levy) (2002)
Didaktik der Notebook-Universität - Mobiles Lernen auf dem Digitalen Campus (Michael Kerres, Marco Kalz, Jörg Stratmann, Claudia de Witt) (2004)
- Environmental Detectives - PDAs as a Window into a Virtual Simulated World (Eric Klopfer, Kurt Squire, Henry Jenkins)
Unterrichtskonzepte für informatische Bildung - 11. Fachtagung Informatik und Schule der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) in Dresden (28.-30. September 2005) (Steffen Friedrich) (2005)
- Informatik - didaktische Weiterbildung von Lehrenden (Nicole Weicker)
Tracing the Dynabook - A Study of Technocultural Transformations (John W. Maxwell) (2006)
Creating a Science of Games - Communications of the ACM. Volume 50 , Issue 7 (July 2007) (2007)
- Computing is a Natural Science (Peter Denning)

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Externe Links

http://www.wolframscience.com/: Official Web Site of the Book ( WWW

2012-11-28)

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Bibliographisches

				Titel			Bez.	Verlag	Auflage	Jahr	ISBN
				A New Kind of Science	E	-	-	-	1	2002	1579550088

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