What is the relationship between technology use and educational performance in science? The OECD PIS A (Programme for International Student Assessment) provides a source of evidence for the analysis of this relationship. This report presents the main findings and policy implications of this analysis. This work was carried out under the umbrella of CERI ’s New Millennium Learners project. The work presented here updates the findings of a previous report (OECD, 2006) and seeks to go deeper into the determinants of technology use, both in frequency and in purpose, and into the impact on educational performance. This report presents results based on PIS A 2006 and continues the work initiated at the OECD in 2005 which presented an initial picture of the role of ICT in education based on PIS A 2003 data (OECD, 2006). It continues the investigation of how equitable the access is to computers across countries, how familiar students are with ICT, how often and where they use computers, for how long they have been using them, how confident they feel, for which tasks they use them and, finally, what the relation is between these characteristics and students’ performance.