In this paper we examine emerging ways to describe and structure learning material, learning tasks and learning situations. In particular, we consider three different approaches, looking at common issues and differences in emphasis. The approaches are: learning patterns [1], inspired by the architectural patterns of Alexander [2]; learning design, as described in the IMS Learning Design specification [3], which itself draws on Educational Modelling Language developed at the Open University of the Netherlands; and, learning activities as used in the Learning Activity Management System [4].