Chapter 5 [...] presents a historical account of theories and quantitative methods of mapping science. Two major streams of work, co-word analysis and co-citation analysis, are illustrated with examples. The emergent influence of information visualization is highlighted as a promising research trend that can advance science mapping and knowledge visualization.

In a letter to Robert Hooke in 1675, Isaac Newton made his most famous statement: 'If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants”. This statement is now often used to symbolize scientific progress.Robert Merton examined the origin of this metaphor in his On the Shoulders of Giants(Merton, 1965). The shoulders-of-giants metaphor can be traced to the French philosopher Bernard of Chartres, who said that we are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more than they, and things at a greater distance, not by virtue of any sharpness of sight on our part, or any physical distinction, but because we are carried high and raised up by their giant size.