The idea that education can be arranged and provided outside of the confines of education institutions such as schools and universities. Deschooling describes how learning can take place through temporary, autonomous and non-hierarchical networks. Deschooling was popularised through the work of the philosopher Ivan Illich. Illich reasoned that individuals in educational institutions are discouraged from taking responsibility for their own self-development, and also from engaging with other potential opportunities for learning within their immediate communities.